From Chronicles:
Long-dead Charlie Manson is back in the
news, thanks to a congressional investigation into the Central
Intelligence Agency’s MKUltra program. One of those testifying before
Congress was Tom O’Neill, who spent 20 years of his life trying to
follow an occasionally obvious and sometimes obscure trail of documents
describing the CIA’s mind-control experiments, which often involved the
use of the hallucinatory drug lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). In his
book Chaos: Charles Manson, the CIA, and the Secret History of the Sixties,
O’Neill suggests Manson and his cult of followers were possibly a CIA
experiment gone bad. Another testifying to the evil of MKUltra was
Stephen Kinzer, author of Poisoner in Chief: Sidney Gottlieb and the CIA Search for Mind Control.
That O’Neill, Kinzer, and others were able
to piece together a history of MKUltra is a testament to their skills
as researchers, because in 1973 CIA Director Richard Helms
had all MKUltra files destroyed. However, thanks to typical
bureaucratic ineptitude, it was later discovered through FOIA requests
that thousands of MKUltra documents had been improperly stored elsewhere
and were not destroyed. O’Neill and Kinzer made other discoveries in
personal records and correspondence of those involved in MKUltra.
MKUltra was formally launched in April
1953 in response to North Korean, Chinese, and Soviet attempts to
“brainwash” captured Americans during the Korean War. Sidney Gottlieb,
the Bronx-born son of Jewish immigrants from Hungary, led this CIA
project. Gottlieb received an undergraduate degree from the University
of Wisconsin in 1940 and a doctorate in biochemistry from the California
Institute of Technology in 1943.
By the summer of 1951, Gottlieb was
working for the CIA as chief of the Chemical Division of the Technical
Services Staff. He thought that through experimentation with various
drugs he could find ways to alter brain chemistry and achieve mind
control. He tried using the active agent of marijuana,
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cocaine, heroin, and mescaline, before
settling on LSD as the most promising drug to alter the thinking and
perceptions of the experiment’s subjects. (Read more.)
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